As usual, keep a log in the file lab.txt of what you
do in the lab so that you can reproduce the results later. This should
not merely be a transcript of what you typed: it should be more like a
true lab notebook, in which you briefly note down what you did and
what happened.
For this laboratory, you will find out about which programs are linked to which libraries.
cos(0.5) and print it using the printf format "%.17g". ldd command to see which dynamic libraries
your trivial program uses.strace command to see which system calls
your trivial program makes. Which of these calls are related
to dynamic linking and what is the relationship?nnnnnnnnn.
On a SEASnet GNU/Linux server, run the shell command
“ls /usr/bin | awk 'NR%101==nnnnnnnnn%101'”
to get a list of two dozen or so commands to investigate.ldd on each command in your list.
If there are error messages, investigate why they're occurring.In this homework you will divide a small example application into dynamically linked modules and a main program, so that the resulting executable does not need to load code that it doesn't need. Although this is just a toy example which would probably not be worth optimizing in this way, in real life many applications use dynamic linking to improve performance in common cases, and the skills used in this small exercise can be helpful in larger programs.
The skeleton tarball contains the following:
randall.c that is a single main program,
which you are going to split apart.Makefile that builds the program
randall.randcpuid.h and randlib.h
that specify two interfaces for libraries that you need to implement
when you split randall.c apart.
First, read and understand the code in randall.c.
Do not modify it, or any of the other files in the skeleton tarball.
Second, split the randall implementation by copying
its source code into the following modules, which you will need to
modify to get everything to work:
randcpuid.c should contain the code that
determines whether the current CPU has
the RDRAND
instruction. It should start by including randcpuid.h
and should implement the interface described
by randcpuid.h.randlibhw.c should contain the hardware implementation
of the random number generator. It should start
by including randlib.h and should implement the
interface described by randlib.h.randlibsw.c should contain the software
implementation of the random number
generator. Like randlibhw.c, it should start by
including randlib.h and should implement the
interface described by randlib.h. Since the software
implementation needs initialization and finalization, this
implementation should also define an initializer and a finalizer
function, using
GCC's “__attribute__
((constructor))” and “__attribute__
((destructor))” declaration specifiers. randmain.c should contain the main program that
glues together everything else. It should include
randcpuid.h (as the corresponding module
should be linked statically) but
not randlib.h (as the corresponding
module should be linked after main starts up).
Depending on whether randcpuid reports that the
hardware supports the RDRAND instruction, this main program
should dynamically
link the hardware-oriented or software-oriented implementation
of randlib,
doing the dynamic linking
via dlopen
and dlsym. Also,
the main program should
call dlclose
to clean up before exiting. Like randall, if
any function called by the main program fails, the main program
should report an error and exit with nonzero status.Each module should include the minimal number of
include files; for example, since randcpuid.c doesn't
need to do I/O, it shouldn't include stdio.h. Also, each
module should keep as many symbols private as it can; for example,
since randcpuid does not need to export
the cpuid function, that function should
be static and not extern.
Next, write a makefile include file randmain.mk that
builds the program randmain using three types of
linking. First, it should use static linking to
combine randmain.o and randcpuid.o into a
single program executable randmain. Second, it should
use dynamic linking as usual to link the C library and any other
necessary system-supplied files before its main
function is called. Third, after main is called, it
should use dynamic linking via dlsym as described
above. randmain.mk should link randmain
with the options “-ldl -Wl,-rpath=$PWD”. It should
compile randlibhw.c and randlibsw.c with
the -fPIC options as well as the other GCC options
already used. And it should build shared object
files randlibhw.so and randlibsw.so by
linking the corresponding object modules with
the -shared option, e.g., “gcc ... -shared
randlibsw.o -o randlibsw.so”.
The supplied Makefile
includes randmain.mk, so you
should be able to type just make to build all four
files: randall, randmain, randlibhw.so,
and randlibsw.so. If randmain needs to
generate any random numbers, it loads
either randlibhw.so or randlibsw.so (but
not both) to do its work. You can verify this by using “strace
./randmain” or by using a debugger.
Submit the file dlsubmission.tgz, which you can
build by running the command make submission.
All files should be ASCII text files, with no carriage returns, and with no more than 132 columns per line. The shell command
expand lab.txt randmain.mk \
randcpuid.c randlibhw.c randlibsw.c randmain.c |
awk '/\r/ || 200 < length'
should output nothing.