Assignment 1. Files and shell scripting

Laboratory: Linux and Emacs scavenger hunt

• Emacs supplies its own tutorial; try it by running the shell command emacs and then type control-H followed by t ("C-h t", in Emacs-ese).
• Keith Waclena, A Tutorial Introduction to GNU Emacs (2009)
• The Emacs editor, version 28.2 (2022)
• An Introduction to Programming in Emacs Lisp, version 28.2 (2022)

Instructions: Do the lab part of this assignment (including all shell commands and editing) under Emacs. After issuing the shell command emacs to start Emacs, you can run the Emacs M-x open-dribble-file command to create a dribble file lab1.drib in your home directory that records everything you type. (If you do multiple Emacs sessions, name your dribble files lab2.drib, lab3.drib, etc.)

For the editing lab exercises, use intelligent ways of answering the questions. For example, if asked to move to the first occurrence of the word "scrumptious", do not merely use cursor keys to move the cursor by hand; instead, use the builtin search capabilities to find "scrumptious" quickly.

To start, download a copy of the web page you're looking at into a file named assign1.html. You can do this with Wget or curl. Use cp to make three copies of this file. Call the copies exer1.html, exer2.html, and exer3.html.

Lab 1.1: Moving around in Emacs

1. Use Emacs to edit the file exer1.html.
2. Move the cursor to just after the first occurrence of the word "HTML" (all upper-case).
3. Now move the cursor to the start of the first later occurrence of the word "scavenger".
4. Now move the cursor to the start of the first later occurrence of the word "self-referential".
5. Now move the cursor to the start of the first later occurrence of the word "arrow".
6. Now move the cursor to the end of the current line.
7. Now move the cursor to the beginning of the current line.
8. Doing the above tasks with the arrow keys takes many keystrokes, or it involves holding down keys for a long time. Can you think of a way to do it with fewer keystrokes by using some of the commands available in Emacs?
9. Did you move the cursor using the arrow keys? If so, repeat the above steps, without using the arrow keys.
10. When you are done, exit Emacs.

Lab 1.2: Deleting text in Emacs

1. Use Emacs to edit the file exer2.html. The idea is to delete its HTML comments; the resulting page should display the same text as the original.
2. Delete the 69th line, which is an HTML comment. <!-- HTML comments look like this, but the comment you delete has different text inside. -->
3. Delete the HTML comment containing the text "DELETE-ME DELETE-ME DELETE-ME".
4. Delete the HTML comment containing the text "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML_comment#Comments".
5. There are two more HTML comments; delete them too.

Once again, try to accomplish the tasks using a small number of keystrokes. When you are done, save the file and exit back to the command line. You can check your work by using a browser to view exer2.html. Also, check that you haven't deleted something that you want to keep, by using the following command:

diff -u exer1.html exer2.html >exer2.diff

The output file exer2.diff should describe only text that you wanted to remove. Don't remove exer2.diff; you'll need it later.

Lab 1.3: Inserting text in Emacs

1. Use Emacs to edit the file exer3.html.
2. Change the first two instances of "Assignment 1" to "Assignment 27".
3. Change the first instance of "UTF-8" to "US-ASCII".
4. Ooops! The file is not ASCII so you need to fix that. Most of its non-ASCII characters are the Unicode character “’” (RIGHT SINGLE QUOTATION MARK U+2019); fix these by replacing each one with an ASCII “'” (U+0027 APOSTROPHE); for example, you can use M-x replace-string to do this systematically. Remove every line that contains a non-ASCII character other than U+2019. You can find the next non-ASCII character by searching for the regular expression "[^[:ascii:]]".
5. Insert an empty line after the last line containing "</ol>".
6. When you finish, save the text file and exit Emacs. As before, use the diff command to check your work.

Lab 1.4: Other editing tasks in Emacs

In addition to inserting and deleting text, there are other common tasks that you should know, like copy and paste, search and replace, and undo.

1. Execute the command "cat exer2.html exer2.diff >exer4.html" to create a file exer4.html that contains a copy of exer2.html followed by a copy of exer2.diff.
2. Use Emacs to edit the file exer4.html. The idea is to edit the file so that it looks identical to exer1.html on a browser, but the file itself is a little bit different internally.
3. Go to the end of the file. Copy the new lines in the last chunk of diff output, and paste them into the correct location earlier in the file.
4. Repeat the process, until the earlier part of the file is identical to what was in the original.
5. Delete the last part of the file, which contains the diff output.
6. … except we didn't really want to do that, so undo the deletion.
7. Turn the diff output into a comment, by surrounding it with "<!--" and "-->". If the diff output itself contains end-comment markers "-->", escape them by replacing each such "-->" with "--&gt;".
8. Now let's try some search and replaces. Search the text document for the pattern "<ol>". How many instances did you find? Use the search and replace function to replace them all with the final-caps equivalent "<oL>".
9. Check your work with viewing exer4.html with an HTML browser, and by running the shell command "diff -u exer1.html exer4.html >exer4.diff". The only differences should be changes from "<ol>" to "<oL>", and a long HTML comment at the end.

Lab 1.5: Exploring the operating system outside Emacs

Use the commands that you learned in class to find answers to the following questions. Don't use a search engine like Google to find previous editions of this assignment and/or its answers, and don't ask your neighbor, don't use GitHub, etc. When you find a new command, run it so you can see exactly how it works.

1. Where are the sh, sleep, and type commands located?
2. What executable programs in /usr/bin have names that are exactly three characters long and start with the two letters se, and what do they do?
3. When you execute the command named by the symbolic link /usr/local/cs/bin/emacs, which file actually is executed?
4. What is the version number of the /usr/bin/gcc program? of the plain gcc program? Why are they different programs?
5. The chmod program changes permissions on a file. What does the symbolic mode u+sx,o-w mean, in terms of permissions?
6. Use the find command to find all directories modified on or after the day of this class’s first lecture, that are located under (or are the same as) the directory /usr/local/cs.
7. Of the files in the same directory as find, how many of them are symbolic links?
8. What is the oldest file in the /usr/lib64 directory? Use the last-modified time to determine age. Specify the name of the file without the /usr/lib64/ prefix. Don't ignore files whose names start with ".", but do ignore files under subdirectories of /usr/lib64/. Consider files of all types, that is, your answer might be a regular file, or a directory, or something else.
9. In Emacs, what commands have transpose in their name?
10. What does the Emacs yank function do, and how can you easily invoke it using keystrokes?
11. When looking at the directory /usr/bin, what's the difference between the output of the ls -l command, and the directory listing of the Emacs dired command?
12. Use the ps command to find your own login shell's process, all that process's ancestors, and all its descendants. Some ps options that you might find useful include -e, -f, -j, -l, -t, -H, and -T.

Lab 1.6: Doing commands in Emacs

Do these tasks all within Emacs. Don't use a shell subcommand if you can avoid it.

1. Create a new directory named "junk" that's right under your home directory.
2. In that directory, create a C source file hello.c that contains the following text. Take care to get the text exactly right, with no trailing spaces or empty lines, with the initial # in the leftmost column of the first line, and with all other lines indented to match exactly as shown:

   #include <stdio.h>
   int
   main (void)
   {
     for (;;)
       {
         int c = getchar ();
         if (c < 0)
           {
             if (ferror (stdin))
               perror ("stdin");
             else
               fprintf (stderr, "EOF on input\n");
             return 1;
           }
         if (putchar (c) < 0 || (c == '\n' && fclose (stdout) != 0))
           {
             perror ("stdout");
             return 1;
           }
         if (c == '\n')
           return 0;
       }
   }
   

3. Compile this file, using the Emacs M-x compile command.
4. Run the compiled program from Emacs using the M-! command, and put the program's standard output into a file named hello-a1 and its standard error into a file hello-a2.
5. Same as before, except run the program with standard input being closed, and put the program's standard output and error into hello-b1 and hello-b2, respectively. Here, “closed” does not mean the standard input is an empty file; it means that standard input is not open at all, to any file.
6. Same as before, except run the program with standard input being the file /etc/passwd, and put the program's standard output and error into hello-c1 and hello-c2.
7. Same as before, except run the program with standard input being the file /etc/passwd and standard output being the file /dev/full, and put the program's standard error into hello-d2.

Homework: Scripting in the shell

For the homework assume you’re in the standard C or POSIX locale. The shell command locale should output LC_CTYPE="C" or LC_CTYPE="POSIX". If it doesn’t, use the following shell command:

export LC_ALL='C'

and make sure locale outputs the right thing afterwards.

Shell scripting

• Steve Parker, Shell Scripting Tutorial (2022)
• The Open Group, Shell Command Language (2018)

Examine the file /usr/share/dict/linux.words, which contains a list of English words, one per line. Each word consists of one or more ASCII characters.

Sort this file and put the sorted output into a file sorted.words.

Then, take a text file containing the HTML in this assignment’s web page, and run the following commands with that text file being standard input. For each command tr, sort, comm, read the command’s man page and use that to deduce what the command should do given its operands here. Also, look generally at what each command outputs (in particular, how its output differs from that of the previous command), and why.

tr -c 'A-Za-z' '[\n*]'
tr -cs 'A-Za-z' '[\n*]'
tr -cs 'A-Za-z' '[\n*]' | sort
tr -cs 'A-Za-z' '[\n*]' | sort -u
tr -cs 'A-Za-z' '[\n*]' | sort -u | comm - sorted.words
tr -cs 'A-Za-z' '[\n*]' | sort -u | comm -23 - sorted.words

Let’s take the last command as the crude implementation of an English spelling checker. This implementation mishandles the input file sorted.words! Write a shell script named myspell that fixes this problem. Your script should read from standard input and output misspelled words to standard output, for a suitable definition of "words". The shell command:

myspell </usr/share/dict/linux.words

should output nothing, because the dictionary by definition contains only correctly-spelled words.

Submit

Submit the following files within a compressed tarball named assign1.tgz.

• lab1.drib and any later dribble files that you generate.
• The hello-?? files of Lab 1.6.
• myspell (this should not have a file name extension; for example, it should not be myspell.sh.
• notes.txt, a text file containing any other notes or comments that you'd like us to see.

All files other than the .drib files should use GNU/Linux style, i.e., UTF-8 encoding with LF-terminated lines.

The shell command:

tar -tvf assign1.tgz

should output a list of file names that contains myspell etc., with sizes and other metainformation about the files.