Diffusion models are the current state of the art for generating photorealistic images. Controlling the sampling process for constrained image generation tasks such as inpainting, however, remains challenging since exact conditioning on such constraints is intractable. While existing methods use various techniques to approximate the constrained posterior, this paper proposes to exploit the ability of Tractable Probabilistic Models (TPMs) to exactly and efficiently compute the constrained posterior, and to leverage this signal to steer the denoising process of diffusion models. Specifically, this paper adopts a class of expressive TPMs termed Probabilistic Circuits (PCs). Building upon prior advances, we further scale up PCs and make them capable of guiding the image generation process of diffusion models. Empirical results suggest that our approach can consistently improve the overall quality and semantic coherence of inpainted images across three natural image datasets (i.e., CelebA-HQ, ImageNet, and LSUN) with only ~\! 10 % additional computational overhead brought by the TPM. Further, with the help of an image encoder and decoder, our method can readily accept semantic constraints on specific regions of the image, which opens up the potential for more controlled image generation tasks. In addition to proposing a new framework for constrained image generation, this paper highlights the benefit of more tractable models and motivates the development of expressive TPMs.

@inproceedings{LiuICLR24,
  author    = {Liu, Anji and Niepert, Mathias and Van den Broeck, Guy},
  title     = {Image Inpainting via Tractable Steering of Diffusion Models},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the Twelfth International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR)},
  url       = "http://starai.cs.ucla.edu/papers/LiuICLR24.pdf",
  month     = may,
  year      = {2024},
  keywords  = {conference,selective}
}