The notion of actual causation, as formalized by Halpern and Pearl, has been recently applied to relational databases, to characterize and compute actual causes for possibly unexpected answers to monotone queries. Causes take the form of database tuples, and can be ranked according to their causal responsibility, a numerical measure of their relevance as a cause for the query answer. In this work we revisit this notion, introducing and making a case for an alternative measure of causal contribution, that of causal effect. In doing so, we generalize the notion of actual cause, in particular, going beyond monotone queries. We show that causal effect provides intuitive and intended results.

@inproceedings {SalimiTaPP16,
  author={Salimi, Babak and Bertossi, Leopoldo and Suciu, Dan and Van den Broeck, Guy},
  title = {Quantifying Causal Effects on Query Answering in Databases},
  booktitle = {8th USENIX Workshop on the Theory and Practice of Provenance (TaPP)},
  year = {2016},
  url = "http://starai.cs.ucla.edu/papers/SalimiTaPP16.pdf",
  publisher = {USENIX Association},
  keywords={workshop}
}